Heathrow airport officials have put forward three options for a new third runway at the west London site, saying any of the proposals will be good for Britain.
Each option would let Heathrow move from 480,000 flights a year to 700,000 or more, but the airport's bosses said fewer people would be affected by noise than at present.
However, each of the options will mean some properties being compulsory purchased and some will have to be demolished, while there might have to be major work on the M25 motorway to accommodate a new runway.
There will also need to be a sixth terminal at Heathrow. A new runway would see the airport able to handle 130 million passengers a year, rather than 70 million currently.
The Heathrow executives, outlining their proposals in London, said they did not think there would be a need for a fourth runway at Heathrow until at least 2040.
These are three options:
:: North West - A 3,500-metre-long runway to the northwest of the airport with passengers accessing it from a new Terminal 6 (T6) and an extended Terminal 2 (T2).
Building the runway would affect the villages of Harmondsworth and Longford, with 950 properties facing demolition. Part of the M25 would have to be put in a tunnel. The runway would cost £17bn and could be completed by 2026.
:: South West - A 3,500-metre-long runway covering an area of reservoirs and needing the compulsory purchase of properties in Stanwell Moor and 850 possible demolitions. Passengers would access the airport via T6 and an extended T2.
The construction would be complex and challenging, and would take longer and be more expensive than the other options. It could be ready by 2029 at a cost of £18bn.
:: North - The quickest and cheapest option, but would allow only 700,000 flights a year with a runway only 2,800 metres long. Passengers would access via an extended T5 and extended T2.
A total of 2,700 properties could be demolished, with the villages of Sipson, Harlington and Cranford Cross affected. This runway could be finished by 2025 at a cost of £14bn.
Heathrow chief executive Colin Matthews said: "After half a century of vigorous debate, but little action, it is clear the UK desperately needs a single hub airport with the capacity to provide the links to emerging economies which can boost UK jobs, GDP and trade.
"It is clear that the best solution for taxpayers, passengers and business is to build on the strength we already have at Heathrow.
"We are showing how that vision can be achieved whilst keeping the impact on local residents to an absolute minimum."
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